Level: beginner
Transitive verbs have both active and passive forms:
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| The hunter killed the lion. | The lion was killed by the hunter. |
| Someone has cleaned the windows. | The windows have been cleaned. |
Passive forms are made up of the verb be with a past participle:
| Subject | be | Past participle | Adverbial |
|---|---|---|---|
| English | is | spoken | all over the world. |
| The windows | have been | cleaned. | |
| Lunch | was being | served. | |
| The work | will be | finished | soon. |
| They | might have been | invited | to the party. |
If we want to show the person or thing doing the action, we use by:
She was attacked by a dangerous dog.
The money was stolen by her husband.
- Active and passive voice 1
- Active and passive voice 2
- Active and passive voice 3
Level: intermediate
The passive infinitive is made up of to be with a past participle:
The doors are going to be locked at ten o'clock.
You shouldn't have done that. You ought to be punished.
We sometimes use the verb get with a past participle to form the passive:
Be careful with that glass. It might get broken.
Peter got hurt in a crash.
We can use the indirect object as the subject of a passive verb:
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| I gave him a book for his birthday. | He was given a book for his birthday. |
| Someone sent her a cheque for a thousand euros. |
She was sent a cheque for a thousand euros. |
We can use phrasal verbs in the passive:
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| They called off the meeting. | The meeting was called off. |
| His grandmother looked after him. | He was looked after by his grandmother. |
| They will send him away to school. | He will be sent away to school. |
- Active and passive voice 4
- Active and passive voice 5
Level: advanced
Some verbs which are very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-infinitive:
| be supposed to | be expected to | be asked to | be told to |
| be scheduled to | be allowed to | be invited to | be ordered to |
John has been asked to make a speech at the meeting.
You are supposed to wear a uniform.
The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.
- Active and passive voice 6
- Active and passive voice 7
Hi Sikandar,
It would be --> The proposal had been accepted (by us), and the money had been granted.
I hope it helps.
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Sir if I changed your sentence to " The proposal had been accepted and the money granted", Would it be correct?
Hello Bo Bo Kyaw,
Yes, that is correct, though it's important to understand that 'the money granted' is an abbreviated form of 'the money had been granted'. We sometimes leave out auxiliary verbs -- this is called ellipsis -- when we think the situation is clear.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Sir
It's my earnest request not to log me out due to inactivity. Learning and developing English have always been my prerogative.
Looking for help in the following sentence. 'The patient entered the clinic. ' Here the verb entered is intransitive so there cannot be a passive form. But, can we say that the above sentence is in active voice.
Kindly help.
Again I heartily appeal not to log me out and help me with this sentence.
Thank you.
Hello amrita_enakshi,
We've already answered this question for you elsewhere. The verb is not intransitive (the clinic is the object) and you can form a passive, but it is stylistically awkward in our view and unlikely to be the best choice.
Logging out due to inactivity is a new feature which I have asked the tech side to look at. I agree that it's a little too sensitive!
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Dear Mr. Jonathan and friends,
I have been wondering the term used in active and passive voice . Why the term 'voice' is used instead of sentence? What is actually behind it? I need to clarify it to my students, please help me. Thanks in advance.
Hello ketutputra,
That's a great question! To be honest, I'm not sure why the term 'voice' is used to refer to verbs, but I can point out that it refers to a verb and not a whole sentence. It's not completely wrong to refer to a passive sentence, but really what is passive is the verb.
You might find it useful to look through the Wikipedia article on Voice (grammar), though I'm not sure it will really answer your question.
I'm sorry we're not able to help you more with this, but as a linguistics question it's really outside the range of our expertise.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi all and thank you in advance for your time and help (really needed),
I've been teaching EFL since 2004 and today I encountered a form of passive voice like "was been spent" during an after-exam chat with a student. "was been spent" was his answer for one of the questions which should have been "was spent". Despite being sure that the form of his answer doesn't exist, I still googled it as usual because, you know you can actually never be sure when it comes to language studies. Anyways, I clicked on the search button and bingo! Hundreds of examples of "was been spent" especially in governmental documents (talking about the procurements done by the Government in the past), scientific research articles (representing research outcomes evidenced by quantitative data analysis, medical statements and in many other contexts. However, I couldn't find any grammatical explanations on it apart from some forum discussions full of people who are 100 % sure that kind of passive form doesn't exist, but it does and I really need to know its function and meaning (simply put "Why?" of it). I can only assume that this passive form is used to express high level of formality, certainty, importance, seriousness or emphasis. However, these are just my personal assumptions that don't satisfy me. I'd be obliged if you could help and provide a more reliable explanation.
Looking forward to your reply.
Best,
Emre
Hi Emre,
I'll try to answer your question. First, I can assure you that "was been spent" is not grammatical and it should be "was spent" or "was being spent" or "has been spent".
When I searched for the phrase "was been spent", I also found government documents including them (probably the same procurement documents you mentioned). However, looking closely, "was been spent" appears not in the government's own text but in the questions from citizens that the government was asked and is responding to. They may have preserved the original question wording, errors included, to avoid any possible distortions from 'correcting' it. One of those questions included both "how much has been spent" and "how much was been spent" - I assume the first phrase is the meaning intended by the asker.
I found another government document from 1877 with "was been spent" in the search results. However, opening the document shows that it is formatted in two columns of text, with "been spent" in one column and "was" is in the other. The words are actually in different sentences. The search engine has parsed the whole document incorrectly in lines from left to right, across columns.
For the other search results, they must be errors, either grammatical or typing. Errors do appear in official documents and academic texts (though less commonly than elsewhere). You may find hundreds of examples online, but that is true even of ungrammatical phrases, given the huge amount of text available online. For comparison, correct forms have higher counts (e.g. "had been spent" has over 20 million results; "was being spent" 1.6 million) than "was been spent", which has about 50,000 results. The also incorrect "was be spent" has about 80,000 results, i.e. in a similar range.
I hope that helps.
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Team. Could you please help me?
- I have just read a text in which there is the following sentence: "I try hard to finish my homework on time, but I can never get it all done."
- I can't understand "get it all done". Is it causative? Is there anyone doing my homework for me? I'm confused.
Thank you.
Hi Ahmed Imam,
"Get something done" can be causative (e.g. I get my hair done at the hairdresser's), but in this sentence it isn't. It's a different meaning - to complete a task.
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello, again Jonathan. Could you explain more?
Thank you.
Hello Ahmed Imam,
Although I couldn't find a dictionary entry for it to refer you to, I can assure you that 'get it done' is a very common phrase that means 'complete'. In this case, it's not a causative, because the subject completes the action, not another person. If I say 'I can never get all my homework done' it means 'I can never complete all my homework'.
When 'get' + object + infinitive is causative, it means that someone else (not the subject) performs the action. The sentence 'I got my car fixed' means that I arrange for someone else to fix my car.
Let us know if you have any other questions.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello. Could you please help me? What is the difference in form and meaning of the following sentences?
1- Did you have anyone to help you?
2- Did you have anyone help you?
Thank you.
Hello Ahmed Imam,
In 1, the question asks if a person who could help you was present or available. Here the structure is 'have' + object + 'to' infinitive; you could change it in many different ways, e.g. 'have anything to do', 'have any meetings to attend'. There are many, many uses in which an infinitive can be added to an object in a similar way.
The second sentence shows a somewhat more specific use, that of 'have' (or 'get') in a causative structure. It asks if you arranged for another person to help you. Here the structure is the verb 'have' + object (a person as subject) + bare infinitive. This can be used when speaking about arrangements you made with people in which they do something.
Another common causative structure uses 'have' + object (person or thing) + past participle to express the idea that someone arranges for a task to be done. For example, if I hire some workers to paint my house, I can say 'I'm having my house painted'.
Hope this helps.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Hosseinpour.
In this sentence 'faced' is a past participle which heads a participle clause. It is not a passive form but it has a passive meaning, so your question shows that you understand the meaning here.
We have a page on participle clauses which should be helpful. As you'll see, participle clauses with a past participle have a passive meaning and participle clauses with a present participle (verb-ing) have an active meaning. You can find the page here:
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/participle-clauses
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi Nevi,
The correct form here is 'with'.
The papers are not performing the action here. They are the tool which is used, so to speak.
If you want to see the sentence as a passive then the subject in the sentence is 'the desk'. No agent is provided because it is unknown or irrelevant, but an agent could be added:
However, I would not see this sentence as a passive at all. 'Covered' here describes a characteristic of the desk rather than an action performed on it. Many past participles can be used as adjectives and I would simply treat this as an adjective, just as we do with 'interested', 'bored', 'dressed' and so on.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
Yes, both of those words can function as adjectives:
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello again Rsb,
That use is fine. It's a passive form using 'get' instead of 'be' as the auxiliary verb.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
I think it is an adjective here describing the account. If you read it as a passive then it would be present simple, and you'd need a context to suit that such as 'my account is blocked every week' or similar.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi Nevı,
Some dictionaries do list stopped as an adjective (e.g. the Collins Dictionary).
Different dictionaries use different criteria for including or excluding words. One of these criteria is probably the frequency of usage - i.e., blocked as an adjective is probably more frequently used than stopped as an adjective.
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
The two uses of 'got' that you mention here are just two of quite a few. The sentence you use as an example is grammatically correct, but sounds a little unnatural to me because there is dissonance between the use of 'get' as an informal passive auxiliary and the word 'hospitalized', which is not informal. Your example is grammatically correct, however -- I just wanted to point this out.
I'm not familiar with the rule you mention about 'get' not being used in passives in continuous or perfect forms, but it does sound like a good guideline in general. It does indeed sound odd to me to say 'The window is getting broken', but I don't think I'd go so far as to say it's incorrect.
Hope this helps.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
I understand that perhaps this kind of summary is useful to you, but I wouldn't give my students this kind of thing. This is mainly because I think it's more useful to learn patterns, which allow for more diverse usages, than it is to learn rules, which tend to leave out important details. For example, I think it's important to note that 'get' is more informal than 'be'. I'd also not say it's wrong to use it in continuous tenses, though it is unusual.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Nevı,
Your sentence has a direct object (my ideas) and an indirect object (her). We use the direct object as the subject in passive voice:
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello again Nevı,
No, '
She was expressed my ideas' is not a correct sentence.As I said, we use the direct object as the subject in a passive sentence, not the indirect object.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Nevı,
I'm surprised by the definition you found in the Oxford Dictionary and don't know how to explain that. I see something different in the Lexico UK dictionary (which is based on the Oxford Dictionary) win the definition for 'throng'.
What Collins says makes sense to me, and matches what Cambridge and Longman show as well. In other words, I'd recommend you view it as an adjective formed from the past participle of the verb 'throng'; it often collocates with the preposition 'with', but there are other patterns as well.
It's always a good idea to check several sources.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello dipakrgandhi,
It's important to recognise the communicative function here, as it is not the same for all of these sentences.
When we are describing a fact in the world, we can use these sentences:
All of these sentences are correct. For example, a hotel might say this to its guests:
However, sometimes the function is not simply to describe a fact. For example, Your suggestions are welcome has the function of encouraging people to make suggestions.
Peter
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
'delay' is a transitive verb, so I'm afraid the first sentence is not correct. If you look up the word in the dictionary, you'll see some useful example sentences.
The second sentence is a bit awkward in standard British English, but its use of 'delayed' is correct.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi Rsb,
Actually, delay has several meanings! For the meaning of 'to make something late', it's only transitive (see the second meaning of delay in the Cambridge Dictionary). It's not intransitive or ergative for this meaning.
About the arrive phrase, it should be: The employee's cab was delayed (in) arriving at the office. You can use it with or without in. It has the same meaning.
Using 'to + verb' (to arrive at the office) doesn't work here, unless you want to show the purpose of the delay (e.g. The event was delayed, to give us more time to prepare).
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Hi Rsb,
Delay is a noun and a verb but not an adjective, so we should use the -ed form here: The cab was delayed.
Best wishes,
Jonathan
The LearnEnglish Team
Hello Rsb,
I just wanted to point out that Jonathan didn't say that 'delayed' is a noun -- he said that 'delay' is a noun. In this sentence, 'delayed' is an adjective.
All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team