'can' and 'could'

a swimmer in the swimming pool

Level: beginner

Possibility and impossibility

We use could to show that something is possible, but not certain:

They could come by car. (= Maybe they will come by car.)
They could be at home. (= Maybe they are at home.)

We use can to make general statements about what is possible:

It can be very cold here in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold here in winter.)
You can easily get lost in this town. (= People often get lost in this town.)

We use can't or cannot to say that something is impossible:

That can't be true.
You cannot be serious.

Level: intermediate

We use could have to make guesses about the past:

It's ten o'clock. They could have arrived by now.
Where are they? They could have got lost.

We use could to make general statements about the past:

It could be very cold there in winter. (= It was sometimes very cold there in winter.)
You could easily get lost in that town. (= People often got lost in that town.)

We use can't have or couldn't have to say that a past event was impossible:

They know the way here. They can't have got lost!
If Jones was at work until six, he couldn't have done the murder.

Ability

Level: beginner

We use can and can't to talk about someone's skill or general abilities:

She can speak several languages.
He can swim like a fish.
They can't dance very well.

We use can and can't to talk about the ability to do something at a specific time in the present or future:

I can see you.
Help! I can't breathe.

We use could and couldn't to talk about the past:

She could speak several languages.
They couldn't dance very well.

Level: intermediate

We use could have to say that someone had the ability or opportunity to do something, but did not do it:

She could have learned Swahili, but she didn't want to.
I could have danced all night. [but I didn't]

Permission

Level: beginner

We use can to ask for permission to do something:

Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?

could is more formal and polite than can:

Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?

We use can to give permission:

You can go home now.
You can borrow my pen if you like.

We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:

We can go out whenever we want.
Students can travel for free.

We use can't to refuse permission or say that someone does not have permission:

You can't go home yet.
Students can't travel for free.

Requests

We use could you … as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:

Could you take a message, please?
Could I have my bill, please?

can is less polite:

Can you take a message, please?

Offers

We use can I … to make offers:

Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?

We sometimes say I can ... or I could ... to make an offer:

I can do that for you if you like.
I could give you a lift to the station.

Suggestions

We use could to make suggestions:

We could meet at the weekend.
You could eat out tonight.

Questions and negatives

We make questions by putting the subject after can/could:

Can I ...?
Could I ...?
etc.
Can you ...?
Could you ...?

 

The negative form is can't in spoken English and cannot in written English.

We sometimes say cannot, but it is very emphatic.

The negative form of could is couldn't in spoken English and could not in written English.

can and could: possibility 1

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can and could: possibility 2

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can and could: other uses 1

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can and could: other uses 2

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Average
Average: 4.1 (91 votes)

Submitted by Faii on Sun, 17/07/2022 - 17:47

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Is it correct to say "He can get here at any time " if we want to mean that there is a strong possibility?

Hi Faii,

If you are talking about one particular occasion (e.g. the person is coming here right now), then I would prefer to use "could" in this sentence for that meaning.

"Can" for possibility is a more general statement. For example, perhaps you are talking about this person's arrival time not on one particular occasion (e.g. today), but as a more general and repeated action (e.g. the time he comes here every day, not just today). So, yes, you can use "can" for that meaning but it gives the idea of a more general action.

I hope that helps.

Jonathan

The LearnEnglish Team

Thanks for your explanation. I got it.
I have another question.Can we use "can" to make a suggestion?If yes,then what's the difference?

Hi Faii,

Yes, we can use "can" to make suggestions, although "could" is more typically used. As for the difference, "could" is less direct and may be considered more polite.

Jonathan

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by MarCap on Tue, 31/05/2022 - 19:57

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What is the difference in the following sentences:
You can't have seen him, he is on holiday
You couldn't have seen him, he is on holiday

Thanks for any help.

Hi MarCap,

They mean the same thing - this past event (seeing him) was impossible!

Jonathan

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by salimm on Thu, 05/05/2022 - 11:11

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I could read that book in two hours yesterday . Please explain Why this sentence is wrong ?

Hello salimm,

You can use 'could' to talk about ability to do things in general in the past. For example, if you lived next to the sea when you were young, you could say something like 'I could go fishing every day' to mean that it was possible for you to do that since you were so close to the sea.

But when we're speaking about what we did or accomplished in a specific situation in the past, we can't use 'could' to speak about what it was possible to do or what we did at that time. For example, it would not be correct to say *'On my 12th birthday, I could catch a huge fish'. Instead, we use 'managed to' or 'was/were able to' or just the past simple: 'On my 12th birthday, I managed to catch/I was able to catch/I caught a huge fish'.

The sentence you ask about speaks about something you did yesterday, so 'could' doesn't work for the same reasons. Instead, you should say 'was able to read', 'managed to read' or 'read'.

You might find it useful to read a little more about this and do a couple of practice exercises on our Past ability page.

All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by hamid.m.niknam on Mon, 28/03/2022 - 15:11

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Hi
What is the time of the following sentence (with no other word showing the time):
"She could speak English."
Two potential meaning may arise:
It refers to the past that means she could speak English in the past.
It refers to a possibility in the present time that means she may speak English now.
Please clarify.
Regrads,
Hamid

Hi Hamid,

Your interpretation is correct. In fact, 'could' here has three possible meanings:

She could speak English when she was younger, but now she's forgotten it. [past ability]

She could speak English – the teacher didn't mind at all. [past permission]

She could speak English if she wants - I'll understand. [present possibility]

 

These are possible meanings; without any context we can't say which is the actual intended meaning.

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Sajatadib on Sun, 30/01/2022 - 11:03

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Howdy teachers.First of all thank you all for providing precious knowledge for us. What is the difference between " How couldn't you know?" and " How could you not know?"

Hello Sa9014211121,

The first sounds very strange to me; I can't think of a situation when I'd say that, though this may say more about my lack of imagination than the grammar! If you've seen this in writing somewhere, please give us the context.

The second one expresses incredulity at the idea that the other person doesn't know whatever is being referred to. If you said this to me, it would mean that you think it's impossible that I didn't know something.

Hope this helps.

All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by LitteBlueGreat on Wed, 24/11/2021 - 01:33

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Morning sir

I have a question on difference between "Must have" and "Could have"

Could the both be used when we want to guess or predict and are just different in level of certainty in which "must have" is strongest?

Thank you

Hello LittleBlueGreat,

We use both 'must have' and 'could have' when we don't have direct knowledge of something.

As you say, 'must have' shows we are more certain; often, it means we are quite certain because nothing else makes any sense or because our idea seems very likely. For example, if I go into my kitchen and see a broken window and a stone on the floor, I might say 'Someone must have thrown a stone at the window'. I did not witness this, but I can infer that this is what happened. Unless there's some recording of this from a security camera or unless someone witnessed it, I can't really know completely for sure, but it seems pretty likely.

'could have' shows that we are not certain; perhaps we are making a guess, or perhaps we are stating a possibility someone else hasn't thought of -- it really depends on the context. Returning to the example of the broken window in the kitchen, imagine that there is no stone on the floor, nor any other indication of what happened, but the window is right next to a construction site. Here I might say 'A worker could have broken the window by accident'. Like before, I don't know, but because there is no sign of what happened, I'm clearly making a guess. I could also say 'A worker must have broken the window' if I feel more certain about that. It really depends on my point of view.

Hope that helps.

All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team

I got it Sir

An another question for explanation, If the case is replaced with "Can" and "Must" Could the same rule be applied again where "must" is more certain?

Thanks again

Hello LitteBlueGreat,

'must' expresses the same idea as 'must have', but I'm afraid it's more complicated with 'can'.

As is explained in the 'Possibility and impossibility' section above, 'could' can be used to talk about the probability or possibility of something happening.

But 'can' isn't used in this way. When the explanation says 'We use "can" to make general statements about what is possible', it means that we can use 'can' to talk about what is common (e.g. 'It can be very cold here in winter') or what is possible because a specific situation makes us able to do something (e.g. 'I can stay home today because it is a holiday'). In this last example sentence, the fact that today is a holiday makes me able to stay home -- it's not talking about possibility so much as ability.

I hope this helps.

All the best,
Kirk
The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Plokonyo on Thu, 18/11/2021 - 05:24

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Why do we use "could" in this sentence? What if I replace it with "can"? Is there any difference?

We often use 'would' to describe different options to choose from. You could use the present simple here as well.

Hello Plokonyo,

Both 'can' and 'could' are possible. 'Can' suggests a real situation (you are really going to say this) while 'could' suggests we are discussing the issue hypothetically (one day you might need this).

Peter
The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Crokong on Fri, 24/09/2021 - 04:10

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My English grammar says that "could" a less difinite form of can. What is meant by "less definite" form? Does "could" mean "not definite"? Could is not only past: we also use it as a 'softer’, less definite form of can. 'What shall we do tomorrow?’ ‘Well, we could go fishing.' When you're in Spain, you could go and see Alex.

Hello Crokong,

As you know, most modal verbs have a number of different uses and can and could are no exceptions. Both can be used to make suggestions:

What shall we do tonight?

We can watch a film if you like, or just go for a drink.

We could watch a film if you like, or just go for a drink.

Could is a little more tentative in these kinds of sentences, I would say, which is probably what your grammar book had in mind.

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Thanks, Peter. What is meant by "tentative" is to make the speaker sound less dogmatic or open for other opinion. What do you think?

Hello Crokong,

Yes, that's right. The speaker is a little less certain of his or her choice, claim, suggestion or opinion.

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Profile picture for user amit_ck

Submitted by amit_ck on Tue, 14/09/2021 - 07:34

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It is not money that can solve children's problems, but love and good teaching. Is this sentence okay? If it is, then why they didn’t use CAN at the end of the sentence? Like; but love and good teaching can. Could you please explain it and also give me some examples of this kind of sentence?

Hi amit_ck,

Yes, the sentence is correct! Here is the basic structure, with some examples. 

  • It is not A but B.
  • It's not Jim who I need to see, but Tony.
  • It's not red apples but green apples that she likes.
  • It's not the things I know but the things I don't know that I worry about.
  • It's not money that can solve children's problems, but love and teaching.

A and B are noun phrases (underlined). Can is part of an added clause, not part of the A noun phrase. That's why it's not added to B at the end of the sentence.

You could add 'can' at the end for extra emphasis. In this case, I'd probably say it like this, to separate the two clauses:

  • It's not money that can solve children's problems. Love and teaching can.

I hope that helps :)

Jonathan

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by MPhayTp on Fri, 11/06/2021 - 11:26

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Dear Team, I have some confusion about the possibility of can and could. It says 'can' is used with general statements while 'could' is used when it is possible but not certain. Then, 1) You can be lost in town. 2) You could be lost in town. 1.What is the difference between these two sentences. And my teacher once said 'can' is used with strong possibility while 'could' is with less one. 2.Is that correct? From my point of view, it all depends on the speaker's view which he considers one as a certain thing, he might use ' can ' and one as not a certain thing , he might use ' could '. 3.Is mine correct?

Hello DaniWeebKage,

Your first sentence is not correct as it appears to describe a current situation (being lost); this would mean that you are speculating rather than describing what is generally possible. Note that in the example on the page the verb is 'get lost', which does not describe a current state. Your second sentence is fine. It expresses speculation about the present and has a similar meaning to 'maybe' or 'perhaps'.

 

You can get lost easily in this town. [a general statement about the town: it is possible because the town's layout is confusing]

You could get lost easily in this town. [a specific statement about your trip: there is a chance of this happening]

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Thanks a lot, Sir Peter, 1)In which situation should be use 'You can be lost in this town" ? 2) Does 'Can' mean more possibility to happen than 'could'? All the best.

Hello again DaniWeebKage,

We wouldn't use this formulation. To speculate about what may or may not be true at the moment we use could (You could be lost).

Can describes something which is not impossible. Of course a person can be lost, but it is a banal statement without any real meaning.

 

Think about it this way: when we are talking about how a person feels we say 'He could be angry', meaning 'there is a chance he is angry'. We don't say 'He can be angry' because it is obvious: anyone can be angry at any time.

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by nsnaveensorout on Tue, 16/03/2021 - 05:15

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Can we say "Could" is used for Future possibility ?

Hello nsnaveensorout,

Yes, that's one use of 'could'. It can describe present or future possibility, as the first two examples on the page show:

We use could to show that something is possible, but not certain:

They could come by car. (= Maybe they will come by car.) - future possibility

They could be at home. (= Maybe they are at home.) - present possibility

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Dwishiren on Tue, 23/02/2021 - 14:14

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Sir sometimes I see you said 'you could use', what is the difference between you can use and you could use? You can use 'but' to join these as one sentence. You could use 'but' to join these as one sentence

Hello Dwishiren,

When we make suggestions both are often possible and have verb similar meanings. We can use can with a general (this is possible) or specific meaning, while could tends to be specific to a situation (in this situation it is possible).

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Hello sir,
I still have a doubt about the difference between the followings
You might use 'can' to make requests in a friendly way.
You could use 'can' to make requests in a friendly way.
Both could and might are used to make suggestions. So, pls tell me the subtle difference between them so that i will be able to satisfy my students with that subtle distinction.
Thank u, sir.

Hello Kumaraswamy,

You're right that any distinction here is very subtle and would likely be overwhelmed by aspects such as tone and expression. That said, to my ear could sounds more neutral ("here is a possibility") while might implies more of a personal opinion ("I think this is the best choice").

You can read a discussion on the topic here:

https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/20003/might-and-could-used-for-making-suggestions

 

Peter

The LearnEnglis

Submitted by Crokong on Mon, 22/02/2021 - 03:29

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Hi sir.I wondering what 'could' means in the following sentences? Drive carefully or you could have an accident. David is coming to visiting. He could stay with us.

Hi Crokong,

You have two different uses here.

In the first example, could expresses possibility and has a similar meaning to might: this is something that has a chance of happening.

In the second example the meaning is also about possibility but in the sense of making an offer or a proposal. Here, it has a similar meaning to able to: we are able to give him a place to stay.

 

Peter

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by mary_1565 on Thu, 18/02/2021 - 11:09

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the sentence: If Jones was at work until six, he couldn't have done the murder. is right according the conditionals rules?

Submitted by BobMux on Tue, 26/01/2021 - 13:11

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Hello The LearnEnglish Team, I would appreciate it if could help me understand why "CAN" is used in these context below, i mean, what "CAN" means here e.g. possibility, permession.... We help you progress quickly because of the intensity of the training. You CAN expect to be taught in a safe invironment, with the minimum of risk.

Hello BobMux,

I'd say that is a general statement about what is possible.

All the best,

Kirk

The LearnEnglish Team

Thanks a lot Kirk, I wish you and The LearnEnglish Team all the best! You really are helping me!

Submitted by Rsb on Mon, 11/01/2021 - 06:39

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Sir, I saw an advertisement on the television to save the child. The last line of advertisement was that: You could help save the child. What 'could' shows here a request?

Submitted by Rsb on Mon, 11/01/2021 - 10:09

In reply to by Rsb

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Or it shows a suggestion here??

Hi Rsb,

Yes, I think it's a suggestion too! It could be a request if it was in the question form: Could you help?

Best wishes,

Jonathan

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Gloria Pérez on Thu, 07/01/2021 - 17:01

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Hello Kirk, I have a doubt about the different verb patterns used for the verbs "to recommend", "to suggest" and "to advise" as, depending on the source consulted, some patterns are accepted and some are not. I will list down only those patterns on which different book texts don't agree (so I am not sure whether they are right or not): RECOMMEND / SUGGEST: 1/ Subject + verb + someone-object + to infinitive Is this structure RIGHT or should a passive be used instead? Some books say it is not! Ex: The doctor recommended/suggested him to do exercise (right or "He was recommended/suggested by the doctor to do exercise" must be used instead??) Or CAN this pattern be used for "to recommend" but not for "to suggest"?? 2/ Subject + verb + (someone or to someone)? + that + .... Ex: The doctor recommended/suggested (me/to me) that he should do exercise RECOMMEND / SUGGEST / ADVICE: 3/ Subject + verb + that + someone-subject + BASE VERB Ex: The doctor recommended/suggested/advised that he DO exercise (whether it's present -regulary) or past (those months)) or should it be: - the doctor recommended/suggested/advised that he does exercise (regularly) - if it's present ("haga") - the doctor recommended/suggested/advised that he did exercise (those months) - if it's past ("hiciera/hiciese") Thanks for helping me to clarify this. Gloria. PS. And happy new year ;-)!
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Submitted by Kirk Moore on Fri, 08/01/2021 - 09:59

In reply to by Gloria Pérez

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Hello Gloria,

I'm not in a position to say that other text books are wrong, but I can tell you what I understand to be correct.

I would not use pattern 1 with 'recommend', but in at least one of my reference books, it is listed as correct, so I would go with that. Neither I nor my reference book consider pattern 1 correct with 'suggest'. In general, I would avoid the passive here, even though it might be grammatically correct in some cases.

I'm not sure if pattern 2 is incorrect or not, but I'd recommend avoiding it. If it's really necessary to specify that the advice for another person was given to a different person, I'd use a couple of sentences to explain that.

As for pattern 3, as far as I understand it, only 'do' is really correct here. This is an example of the subjunctive, which is far less developed in English than in Spanish; in this case, 'do' is a translation of both 'haga' and 'hiciera/hiciese' and so you'd need some other phrase (or the context) to make it clear if the recommendation is speaking about the present/future or the past.

I should mention that most native speakers of English don't know what the subjunctive is, and so you might find them using 'does' or 'did' where I've said you should use 'do'. I believe most editors, though, would recommend 'do' here.

Hope that helps. Happy New Year to you too!

All the best,

Kirk

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Stellaaa on Tue, 29/12/2020 - 11:24

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I'm still confused about general & specific ability

Hi Stellaaa,

You can use 'can' to speak about someone's ability to do something in general ('She can swim'), and you can also use it to speak about how they manage to do something in a specific situation ('I can help you now').

You can use 'could' to speak about someone's ability in the past ('My grandmother could speak Swedish') but not to speak about how they managed to do something in a specific situation (not 'The fire brigade could rescue the child', instead: 'The fire brigade was able to rescue the child').

All the best,

Kirk

The LearnEnglish Team

Submitted by Yigido on Fri, 25/12/2020 - 14:11

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Hi team, "He couldn't be a basketball player.He isn't tall enough.''Teacher in this sentence I think - could- use for probability because" He isn't tall enough."Present simple.But In my book says - could- use for ability. Which one is right?I think mine.